Question

The Mandal Commission was the Second Backward Class Commission. The First Backward Class Commission was the

•  a) Kaka Kalelkar Commission
•  b) Morarji Desai Commission
•  c) Shastri Commission
• d) Jagjivan Ram Commission

Ans: a.

“Since the First Backward Classes Commission headed by Kaka Kalelkar submitted its report in 1955, several attempts have been made to identify backward castes, resulting in frequent discordance between these lists.”

http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/caste-reservation-quantifying-the-caste-quotes/article8281303.ece

Railway budget: Non-tariff revenue (or non-fare box revenue)

The Railways earns money by carrying passenger and goods for which it charges money through fares and freight respectively. These are tariff earnings or fare-box revenue. Everything else falls in the category of the Railways’ non-tariff earning or non-fare revenue.

On Indian Railways, this component has been long neglected for want to response from the market, and also due to a lack of effort from the Railways, which has considered these ‘non-core’ areas — which they admittedly are.

However, it carries an immense potential for earning some extra bucks if explored properly — and that is what the Railways wants to do now.

Advertising is a major source of non-tariff revenues. The Railways will install around 20,000 screens across its ecosystem to display ads. An internal survey pegged the revenue potential from advertising alone at Rs 10,000 crore eventually. The Railways will monetise its databank on passengers so that frequent travellers get better value-added, targeted services. These are all non-tariff earnings.

These earnings are reflected in the Railways’ books as Sundry Earnings, which stood at an estimated Rs 6,229 crore this year. For the next year — that is, the next fiscal — that target has been scaled up by 53 per cent to Rs 9,590 crore.

All add-on services which are not free of cost, including Wifi and concierge service, and also earnings from freight sidings, etc., are Sundry Earnings.

These earnings typically form around 4-5 per cent of the Railways’ earnings. For global railway majors like Japan and the European countries, this proportion hovers around 15-30 per cent. This is seen as an untapped area of earnings in India. The Railways now intends to at least double its figures in the next two years, or perhaps do even better.

In a pre-budget meeting, Prime Minister Narendra Modi had asked the Railways to put maximum stress on advertising. “Learn from cricket, which has ads even on the stumps,” sources quoted him as having said.

 Question

Consider the following statements:

1. In India, software in itself is not patentable
2. ‘Patent thicket’ is a term used by the developed nations to denote what they perceive to be rigid patent regimes such as India’s

Which of the statements above is/are correct?

•  a) 1 Only
•  b) 2 Only
•  c) Both 1 and 2
• d) Neither 1 nor 2

Solution: a.

“In the U.S., a more open policy has led to a flood of patents, and consequently the negative connotation that the term ‘patent thicket’ carries now.”

http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/editorial/can-computer-programmes-be-granted-patents/article8281275.ece

Govt draws thin red line to curb antibiotics misuse

To check irrational use of antibiotics, packs of certain medicines will soon carry a 'red line' differentiating them from other drugs. The move is aimed at discouraging unnecessary prescription and over-the-counter sale of antibiotics causing drug resistance for several critical diseases including TB, malaria, urinary tract infection and even HIV.

The Centre is set to kickstart an awareness campaign - 'Medicines with the Red Line' -to spread awarenessabout irrational use of antibiotics. "India is committed to combating antimicrobial resistance (AMR).

the government is also working to prepare a national action plan to combat AMR. The World Health Organisation (WHO) has raised an alarm seeking urgent and concrete measures to arrest the reducing effectiveness of antibiotics. The UN agency has cautioned the government and public health experts that "if enough was not done now, common bacterial infections such as skin sores or diarrhea would become untreatable and fatal".

India, which has the highest number of TB patients in the world with over 2.3 million new cases notified every year, has already prepared a standard treatment protocol to restrict prescription and sale of antibiotics. However, the government has so far failed to enforce the protocol primarily because of an absence of monitoring mechanism. It is crucial as India is already the hub of multi-drug resistant TB. Estimates show over 1.1 lakh MDR tuberculosis cases are notified in India every year.

This is significant when compared to Brazil and South Africa which reported around 15-20,000 MDR TB annually. Inappropriate use of antibiotics makes bacterial infections immune to them. Over 7 lakh deaths each year are attributed to drug resistance worldwide. In India, an additional 20 lakh lives can be lost by 2050 due to drug resistance.

India is hosting an international meeting on 'Combating Antimicrobial Resistance: Public Health Challenge and Priority' in New Delhi to discuss how to stop over-the-counter availability of antibiotics.

Preservation of Cultural Life of Tribals of A&N Islands

The Ministry of Tribal Affairs supports documentation and preservation of tribal culture. As a part of the scheme of “Research, Information & Mass Education, Tribal Festivals and Others”, financial assistance is extended to Tribal Research Institutes (TRIs) established in eighteen States and the Union Territory of Andaman & Nicobar Islands. In addition to the above, in 2014-15 this Ministry has launched Vanbandhu Kalyan Yojana as a strategic approach and one of the focus areas of this strategy is tribal culture. Ministry of Culture, Government of India through the Zonal Cultural Centres has also organized several programmes on folk, tribal culturs, festivals in Andaman & Nicobar Islands for the preservation of cultural life of the Tribals. The Central Institute of Indian Languages, Mysore, has undertaken various projects for the preservation of tribal culture in Andaman and Nicobar Islands, including study on the language of particularly vulnerable tribes. Andaman and Nicobar Administration encourage tribal communities to showcase the rich culture heritage of Nicobarese in the Island Tourism Festival at Port Blair, every year. 

The Andaman & Nicobar Administration has apprised that a Memorial has been constructed at the entrance of the Water Sports Complex at Port Blair in the memory of those Great Andamanese, who had laid down their lives in the famous Battle of Aberdeen fought on 17th May 1859 against Britishers and a solemn function is organized every year on this day. Ministry of Culture, through its autonomous organization namely Eastern Zonal Cultural Centre (EZCC), Kolkata, had organized a theatre show namely “Aberdeen Ki Ladai” performed by rural artistes of Andaman & Nicobar Islands in the year 2006 at Kolkata and Santiniketan. 

This information was given by Union Minister of State for Tribal Affairs Shri Mansukhbhai Dhanjibhai Vasava in a written reply in Rajya Sabha today. 

Which of the following statements about the Association of World Election Bodies (A-WEB) is NOT correct?

•  a) It provides training for election officials
•  b) The Election Commission of India spearheaded its establishment
•  c) It organizes various election observations
•  d) Its members comprise some regional associations and international electoral organisations

Solution: b.

The National Election Commission of the Republic of Korea (NEC) proposed its establishment.

“Association of World Election Bodies was established in 2013 and has 106 members from 102 countries. The members comprise national Election Management Bodies and some regional associations and international electoral organisations. A-WEB’s vision is to foster efficiency and effectiveness in conducting free, fair, transparent and participative elections worldwide. Its activities are guided by its mission to identify latest trends, challenges and developments in democratic electoral management and electoral processes and to facilitate appropriate exchange of experience and expertise among members with the objective of strengthening electoral democracy worldwide.”

http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=136639

CERN--European Organization for Nuclear Research

A delegation representing task force of “European Organization for Nuclear Research”, known in French as “Conseil Européen pour la Recherche Nucléaire” (CERN) called on the Union Minister of State (Independent Charge) for Development of North Eastern Region (DoNER), MoS PMO, Personnel, Public Grievances, Pensions, Atomic Energy and Space, Dr Jitendra Singh here today and discussed with him wide range of issues of mutual interest including the status of application put in by the Department of Atomic Energy, Government of India, recently for the associate membership of CERN.

CERN is the world’s largest body of experts in nuclear and particle physics, where scientists and engineers are probing the fundamental structure of universe by using the most sophisticated scientific instruments and advanced systems. CERN was established in 1954 and is based in Geneva. Significantly, CERN is the birthplace of “www” (World Wide Web) which is regularly used to browse the internet. Similarly, the touch screen widely used in smartphones was also first developed by CERN.

Indian Scientists from the Departments of Atomic Energy and Science & Technology have been actively participating and collaborating with CERN and an application to become associated member of the body was mooted by the Government in August 2015. The major advantage of the associate membership of CERN is that this will entitle India to become a part of huge scientific and technological endeavour. This will also offer an opportunity to Indian industry to bid for CERN contracts for industrial collaboration in advanced technologies.



“The major advantage of the associate membership of CERN is that this will entitle India to become a part of huge scientific and technological endeavour. This will also offer an opportunity to Indian industry to bid for CERN contracts for industrial collaboration in advanced technologies.”

what is the difference b/w disinvestment & privatisation? Greater degree of disinvestment always leads to privatisation?

Disinvestment is when government sells a portion of its shares to raise money. The government can continue keeping majority stake though and thus control the decision making process.
Privatisation refers to transfer of ownership from public to a strategic buyer in the private sector. Complete control is thus transferred to the private buyer.

disinvestment is just selling away of certain number of shares to a private entity thereby decreasing the governments own share. gradual disinvestment will ultimately lead to privatization as more and more shares are sold away by the govt to the private entity.

To explain in easy terms
Consider you have a publc company.... The total share is 100 initially...
Disinvestment is you sell some shares suppose 20 shares to public or private owners... You have 80 in hand... but 20 private people added.
Privatisation is you have only 49 shares private people has 51 shares means you are not owner for the company....
Hope it helps

Environment Ministry Extends General Approval for Creation

 of Public Utility Infrastructure in Left-Wing Extremism 

Affected Districts

Realising the importance of developmental activities in the Left Wing Extremism (LWE) affected areas, the general approval as contained in the Ministry of Environment and Forest letter, dated 13th May, 2011, has been extended up to December 31, 2018, as per the extant terms and conditions. 

In an effort to expedite the creation of public utility infrastructure in 60 Left Wing Extremism (LWE) affected districts identified by the Planning Commission for implementation of the Integrated Action Plan (IAP), the Ministry of Environment & Forests, vide letter dated May 13, 2011, had accorded general approval under section 2 of Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980, for creation of critical public utility infrastructure by government departments, not involving more than 5.00 hectares of forest land. This provision was further extended to a total of 117 LWE affected districts. The approval was valid upto December 31, 2015. 

The general approval was granted, keeping in view the importance of creation of public utility infrastructure such as schools, dispensaries/hospitals, electric and telecommunication lines, drinking water projects, water/rainwater harvesting structures, minor irrigation canals, non-conventional sources of energy, skill up-gradation / vocational training centres, power sub-stations, rural roads, communication posts, police establishments like police stations/outposts / border outposts / watch towers, in sensitive areas identified by the Ministry of Home Affairs. It also includes underground laying of optical fibre cables, telephone lines & drinking water supply lines in Left-Wing Extremism affected areas. 

‘Urur Olcott Kuppam Vizha’ is

•  An art festival associated with the fisher folk of a village in Tamil Nadu

What do you mean by the term ‘Paradoxical Undressing’

The term ‘paradoxical undressing’ describes the behavior among many victims of extreme hypothermia of peeling off most or all of their clothing, increasing heat loss.

To shut down the loss of heat from the extremities, the body induces vasoconstriction, the reflexive contraction of blood vessels. Over time, however, the muscles necessary for inducing vasoconstriction become exhausted and fail, causing warm blood to rush from the core to the extremities. This results in a kind of “hot flash” that makes victims of severe hypothermia — who are already confused and disoriented — feel as though they’re burning up, so they remove their clothes, researchers have concluded.

“When the rescue teams found him, he was wearing nothing but his thermals. He was found in a sitting position,” says Lt. Gen. S.D. Duhan, Director and Commandant of the Army hospital.

http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/siachen-avalanche-fortyeight-hours-to-martyrdom/article8262020.ece

Unemployment in India

Unemployment rate is defined as the number of persons unemployed as a proportion of the labour force (persons who are either ‘working’ or ‘seeking or available for work’), not the total population or the working age population.

http://www.thehindu.com/data/unemployment-down-in-urban-centres-but-persists-in-rural-areas-says-survey/article8264731.ece

Unemployment level in India is highest among those people who are richer and more educated.'

The unemployment rate in urban areas reduced from 4.5 per cent in 2004-05 to 3.4 per cent in 2011-12, new data from the National Sample Survey Office show. In rural areas, the rate has been stable at around 1.7 per cent during this period.

According to the survey, which was conducted in 2011-12 and released on Friday, the unemployment rate across all the religious groups in rural areas was on the lower side than those in urban areas for both males and females. Unemployment rate is defined as the number of persons unemployed as a proportion of the labour force (persons who are either ‘working’ or ‘seeking or available for work’), not the total population.

Christians have the highest rate of unemployment in both rural (4.5 per cent) and urban (5.9 per cent) areas in 2011-12. The rate in urban areas for Christians stood at 8.6 per cent in 2004-05 while the rural rate stays constant.

Speaking to The Hindu, Alakh Sharma, Director of Institute of Human Development, said: “Unemployment level in India is highest among those people who are richer and more

educated. The reason is that poor people can’t afford to stay unemployed, and hence, opt for any kind of work, irrespective of the nature of the job. The better off have the capacity to be unemployed as they look for the right job. Christians are the most educated group, hence unemployment rate is higher among them.” Data from the report supports the claim. ‘

Among the persons of age 15 and above, the proportion of people who are not literates was the lowest for Christians. Also, the proportion of persons with educational level secondary and above is highest for Christians.

While the unemployment rate in rural areas has decreased for Sikhs (from 3.5 to 1.3 per cent) — now the lowest across all religious groups — it has slightly increased for Muslims (from 2.3 to 2.6 per cent). At 3.3 per cent, Hindus have the lowest unemployment rate in urban areas.

Casual labour

Self-employment is the major source of income for almost half the households, across all religious groups, in rural areas, followed by casual labour.

In urban areas, the proportion of households deriving major income from regular wage or salary earnings is the highest. Half the Muslim households in urban areas have self-employment as major source of income, the highest among all religions, while regular wage or salary earnings was the highest for Christians with 45.8 per cent households.

Section 124 A in The Indian Penal Code

124 A. -Sedition.—Whoever, by words, either spoken or written, or by signs, or by visible representation, or otherwise, brings or attempts to bring into hatred or contempt, or excites or attempts to excite disaffection towards,  the Government estab­lished by law in India,  shall be punished with  im­prisonment for life, to which fine may be added, or with impris­onment which may extend to three years, to which fine may be added, or with fine.

Explanation 1.—The expression “disaffection” includes disloyalty and all feelings of enmity.

Explanation 2.—Comments expressing disapprobation of the meas­ures of the Government with a view to obtain their alteration by lawful means, without exciting or attempting to excite hatred, contempt or disaffection, do not constitute an offence under this section.

Explanation 3.—Comments expressing disapprobation of the admin­istrative or other action of the Government without exciting or attempting to excite hatred, contempt or disaffection, do not constitute an offence under this section.

Section 124A of the IPC says, says:

1. Whoever by words either spoken or written or by signs or by visible representation or otherwise brings or attempts to bring into hatred or contempt, the government established by law; or
2. Whoever by the above means excites or attempts to excite disaffection towards the government established by law (and NOT towards the nation), has committed the offence of sedition.

General Question based on the ongoing debates/discussions on Section 124 A of IPC

What is a flag march?

It is an ancient concept of the Kings who used their armies to suppress difficult law and order situations in their kingdoms. King Ashoka and rulers in Mughal and medieval periods in India are said to have used their armies to quell civil up-risings in their territories. This worldwide concept had been frequently used by the British, first against their own people during the Tudor period in the 15th century, and then more freely, in their colonies to suppress revolts organised by natives against the British rule. During the struggle for independence in India, these marches were often conducted by the British Indian army.

“The Army conducted a flag march in tense areas of the State and used helicopters to reach parts of Rohtak district.”

http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/blockades-force-army-to-airdrop-troops/article8262745.ece

The Mauryan Empire

The Mauryan Empire was established by Chandragupta Maurya in the 4^th Century BCE. His successor was Bindusara who was succeeded by Ashoka.

Emperor Ashoka’s Girnar Rock Edict near Junagarh in Gujarat around the year 260 BC:

‘The King honours all religions and sects. His Sacred Majesty does not value gifts and honours as he values the growth of the essential elements of all religious sects. But the root of it is restraint of speech, that is, there should not be honour only of one’s own religion and condemnation of other religions. On the other hand, other religions should be honoured too. By doing this, one helps his own religion to grow and benefits the religion of others also. By doing otherwise, one harms his own religion and injures the other religions too. For whoever honours only his own religion and condemns other religions injures more gravely his own religion. Hence concord alone is commendable and all should listen, and be willing to listen, to the beliefs professed by others.’

http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=136579

Current Affairs for Prelims: 21st Feb 16

Kambala Race
It is an annual buffalo race held in Dakshina Kannada and Udupi districts in Karnataka. People for Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) has filed a petition in High Court against Kambala on the grounds that it is cruel to animals.

Indegenous cryogenic engine tested successfully
ISRO has successfully tested indigenous high-thrust cryogenic rocket engine for more than its full duration. The engine has already undergone two short duration tests.
The indigenous cryogenic engine development is a major step towards the launch of GSLV Mk III in December.

Ayush-64 and Ayush-82

Ayush-64 is an ayurvedic formulation for treatment of Malaria.
Ayush-82 is an ayurvedic formulation for treatment of diabetes.

Ayush-64 and Ayush-82 are developed by Central Council for
Research in Ayurvedic Sciences (CCRAS), New Delhi.
National Research Development Corporation (NRDC) and M/s Dabur India Ltd. have entered into License Agreements for commercialization of Ayush-64 and Ayush-82.

Surya Kiran 2016

It is an Indo-Nepal Battalion level combined defence exercise.
The ninth edition of Surya Kiran is being conducted at Pithoragarh in Uttarkhand.
Focus of Surya Kiran 2016 is counter terrorism operations and Jungle Warfare in mountain terrain.

Christine Lagarde
Christine Lagarde has been appointed as MD of International Monetary Fund (IMF) for a second five-year term.

Fastest test century
Brendon McCullum has scored fastest test century against Australia. He scored this century in 54 balls. He bettered previous record by Viv Richards and Misbah-ul-Haq. Both Viv Richards and Misbah-ul-Haq had scored test century in 56 balls.

K. Sanath Kumar
K. Sanath Kumar took charge as CMD of National Insurance.
Amit Mitra named Chairman of GST Committee
West Bengal Finance Minister Amit Mitra has been appointed as the new chairman of the Empowered Committee of State Finance Ministers on Goods and Services Tax (GST).

Amendment to the Delimitation Act, 2002 and the Representation of the People Act, 1950 regarding delimitation of constituencies in West Bengal consequent upon exchange of the territories between India and Bangladesh

The Union Cabinet chaired by the Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi has given its approval to amend section 11 of the Delimitation Act, 2002 and section 9 of the Representation of the People Act, 1950. It will enable Election Commission to carry out limited delimitation of Assembly and Parliamentary Constituency(cies) in the Cooch Behar District of West Bengal consequent upon the exchange of 51 Bangladeshi enclaves and 111 Indian enclaves respectively between India and Bangladesh, with effect from 31st July, 2015. This is in pursuance of the Constitution (One Hundredth Amendment) Act, 2015 and also allows for introduction of a Bill, namely, the Election Laws (Amendment) Bill, 2016 in Parliament. 

Background 

In a historic pact between India and Bangladesh, 51 Bangladeshi enclaves (Chhitmahals) in Indian Territory and 111 Indian enclaves in Bangladesh territory were exchanged with effect from 31st July, 2015. The move altered the geography and demography of the district of Cooch Behar in West Bengal. With a view to carry out consequential geographic and demographic alterations vis-à-vis the electoral mosaic of the affected areas, the Election Commission requested to amend section 11 of the Delimitation Act, 2002 and section 9 of the Representation of the People Act, 1950 to enable it to carry out limited delimitation of constituencies in the affected areas. Since the newly acquired area consequent upon the exchange of territory between India and Bangladesh has become the part of the Indian territory, it is required to make delimitation exercise within the limited constituency area before the ensuing State Assembly elections in West Bengal. Accordingly, the Election Laws (Amendment) Bill, 2016 has been proposed for enactment.

Delimitation Commission or a Boundary Commission.

Delimitation literally means the act or process of fixing limits or boundaries of territorial constituencies in a country or a province having a legislative body. The job of delimitation is assigned to a high power body. Such a body is known as Delimitation Commission or a Boundary Commission.

The Delimitation Commission in India is a high power body whose orders have the force of law and cannot be called in question before any court of law. These orders come into force on a date to be specified by President of India. The copies of its orders are laid before the House of People and the State legislative assembly concerned but no modifications are permissible therein by them.

The Bar Council of India

“The Bar Council of India (BCI) on Thursday told the Supreme Court that “serious action” would be taken against the errant lawyers who brazenly defied the court’s order for calm and indulged in violence in the Patiala House courts complex.”

“The Bar Council of India (BCI) is a statutory body created by Parliament to regulate and represent the Indian bar (It was established under the Advocates Act, 1961). We perform the regulatory function by prescribing standards of professional conduct and etiquette and by exercising disciplinary jurisdiction over the bar. We also sets standards for legal education and grants recognition to Universities whose degree in law will serve as qualification for enrolment as an advocate.”

“In addition, we perform certain representative functions by protecting the rights, privileges and interests of advocates and through the creation of funds for providing financial assistance to organise welfare schemes for them.”

Sowa-Rigpa

“Sowa-Rigpa” commonly known as Amchi system of medicine is one of the oldest, living and well documented medical tradition of the world. It has been popularly practiced in Tibet, Magnolia, Bhutan, some parts of China, Nepal, Himalayan regions of India and few parts of former Soviet Union etc. There are various schools of thought about the origin of this medical tradition, some scholars believe that it is originated from India, some says China and others consider it to be originated from Tibet itself. The majority of theory and practice of Sowa-Rigpa is similar to “Ayurveda”.

In India this system has been practiced in Sikkim, Arunachal Pardesh, Dargeling (West Bangal), Lahoul & Spiti (Himanchal Pardesh) and Ladakh region of Jammu& Kashmir etc.

1. `पेटागन’ स्थित है 
उत्तर : अमेरिका
2. देश का एकमात्र राज्य जिसकी राजभाषा अंग्रेजी है ?
उत्तर : नागालैंड
3. डाक विभाग की स्थापना कब हुई?
उत्तर : 1854
4. भारतीय खनन विद्यालय कहाँ स्थित है ?
उत्तर : धनबाद
5. शंकराचार्य का जन्म किस राज्य में हुआ था
उत्तर : केरल
6. महाबलीपुरम का रथ मंदिर किसने बनवाया ?
उत्तर : नरसिंह वर्मन
7. विक्रम साराभाई अंतरिक्ष केंद्र कहाँ स्थित है ?
उत्तर : त्रिवेंद्रम
8. पुष्कर झील कहाँ स्थित है ?
उत्तर : राजस्थान
9. उत्तर प्रदेश में जैन एवं बौद्ध दोनों धर्मों का प्रसिद्ध तीर्थस्थल है
उत्तर : कौशांबी
10. राष्ट्रीय फिल्म एवं विकास निगम की स्थापना किस वर्ष हुई ?
उत्तर : 1980
11. इंग्लिश चैनल स्थित हैं
उत्तर : इंग्लैंड एवं फ्रांस के बीच
12. डोलड्रम क्या है ?
उत्तर : भूमध्यरेखा के आसपास अल्प दाब का क्षेत्र
13. सबसे तीव्र गति से सूर्य का चक्कर लगाने वाला ग्रह है ?
उत्तर : बुध
14. कौन-सा मृत शैल है ?
उत्तर : आग्नेय
15. मिश्रित धातुओं और सिलिकेटों से बनी धरती की कहलाती है
उत्तर : सियाल
16. कुल अक्षांशों की संख्या कितनी है ?
उत्तर : 180

विश्व की प्रमुख (जलडमरुमध्य)जलसंधियाँ:
===========================
*1 मलक्का जलसंधि अण्डमान सागर एवं दक्षिण चीन सागर (इण्डोनेशिया – मलेशिया)
*2 पाक जलसंधि मन्नार की खाड़ी एवं बंगाल की खाड़ी (भारत – श्रीलंका)
*3 लुजोन जलसंधि द.चीन एवं फिलीपीन सागर (ताइवान –फिलीपींस)
*4 बेरिंग जलसंधि बेरिंग सागर एवं चुकसी सागर (अलास्का – रूस)
*5 डेविस जलसंधि बेफिन खाड़ी एवं एटलांटिक महासागर (ग्रीनलैंड – कनाडा)
*6 डेनमार्क जलसंधि उ. एटलांटिक एवं आर्कटिक महासागर (इंग्लैंड – फ्रांस)
*7 डोबर जलसंधि इंग्लिश चैनल एवं उत्तरी सागर (इंग्लैंड – फ्रांस)
*8 हडसन जलसंधि हडसन की खाड़ी एवं एटलांटिक महासागर (कनाडा)
*9 जिब्राल्टर जलसंधि भूमध्य सागर एवं एटलांटिक महासागर (स्पेन – मोरक्को)
*10 कोरिया जलसंधि जापान सागर एवं पूर्वी चीन सागर (जापान – कोरिया)
*11 मेगेलन जलसंधि प्रशांत महासागर एवं द. एटलांटिक महासागर (चिली)
12* डेम्पियर जलसंधि प्रशांत महासागर (इण्डोनेशिया)
13* फ्लोरिडा जलसंधि मेक्सिको की खाड़ी एवं एटलांटिक महासागर (अमरीका – क्यूबा)
14* बॉस जलसंधि तस्मान सागर एवं दक्षिण चीन सागर (आस्ट्रेलिया)
15* मेसिना जलसंधि भूमध्य सागर (इटली – सिसली)
16* कुक जलसंधि द. प्रशांत महासागर (न्यूजीलैंड)
17* पाक जलसंधि बंगाल की खाड़ी एवं अरब सागर (भारत एवं श्रीलंका)

UNESCO WORLD HERITAGE SPOTS IN INDIA 
यूनेस्को की विश्व विरासत में शामिल भारतीय धरोहर स्थल
≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡≡
1. ताजमहल - उत्तर प्रदेश [1983]
2. आगरा का किला - उत्तर प्रदेश[1983]
3. अजंता की गुफाएं - महाराष्ट्र[1983]
4. एलोरा की गुफाएं - महाराष्ट्र[1983]
5. कोणार्क का सूर्य मंदिर -ओडिशा [1984]
6. महाबलिपुरम् का स्मारक समूह -तमिलनाडू [1984]
7. काजीरंगा राष्ट्रीय उद्यान -असोम [1985]
8. मानस वन्य जीव अभयारण्य -असोम [1985]
9. केवला देव राष्ट्रीय उद्यान -राजस्थान [1985]
10. पुराने गोवा के चर्च व मठ - गोवा[1986]
11. मुगल सिटी, फतेहपुर सिकरी -उत्तर प्रदेश [1986]
12. हम्पी स्मारक समूह - कर्नाटक[1986]
13. खजुराहो मंदिर - मध्यप्रदेश[1986]
14. एलीफेंटा की गुफाएं - महाराष्ट्र[1987]
15. पट्टदकल स्मारक समूह - कर्नाटक[1987]
16. सुंदरवन राष्ट्रीय उद्यान - प.बंगाल [1987]
17. वृहदेश्वर मंदिर तंजावुर -तमिलनाडू [1987]
18. नंदा देवी राष्ट्रीय उद्यान -उत्तराखंड [1988]
19. सांची का बौद्ध स्मारक -मध्यप्रदेश [1989]
21. हुमायूँ का मकबरा - दिल्ली[1993]
22. दार्जिलिंग हिमालयन रेल -पश्चिम बंगाल [1999]
23. महाबोधी मंदिर, गया - बिहार[2002]
24. भीमबेटका की गुफाएँ - मध्यप्रदेश [2003]
25. गंगई कोड़ा चोलपुरम् मन्दिर -तमिलनाडु [2004]
26. एरावतेश्वर मन्दिर - तमिलनाडु[2004]
27. छत्रपति शिवाजी टर्मिनल -महाराष्ट्र [2004]
28. नीलगिरि माउंटेन रेलवे -तमिलनाडु [2005]
29. फूलों की घाटी राष्ट्रीयउद्यान - उत्तराखंड [2005]
30. दिल्ली का लाल किला -दिल्ली [2007]
31. कालका शिमला रेलवे -हिमाचलप्रदेश [2008]
32. सिमलीपाल अभ्यारण्य -ओडिशा [2009]
33. नोकरेक अभ्यारण्य - मेघालय[2009]
34. भितरकनिका उद्यान - ओडिशा[2010]
35. जयपुर का जंतर-मन्तर - राजस्थान[2010]
36. पश्चिम घाट [2012]
37. आमेर का किला - राजस्थान[2013]
38. रणथंभोर किला - राजस्थान[2013]
39. कुंभलगढ़ किला - राजस्थान[2013]
40. सोनार किला - राजस्थान[2013]
41. चित्तौड़गढ़ किला - राजस्थान[2013]
42. गागरोन किला - राजस्थान[2013]
43. रानी का वाव - गुजरात [2014]
44. ग्रेट हिमालय राष्ट्रीय उद्यान -हिमाचल प्रदेश [2014]